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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Mexico have expanded in recent years, in keeping with worldwide legal trends. The intellectual influence of the French Revolution and the brief French occupation of Mexico (1862–67) resulted in the adoption of the Napoleonic Code, which decriminalized same-sex sexual acts in 1871. Laws against public immorality or indecency, however, have been used to prosecute persons who engage in them. Tolerance of sexual diversity in certain indigenous cultures is widespread, especially among Isthmus Zapotecs and Yucatán Mayas. As the influence of foreign and domestic cultures (especially from more cosmopolitan areas like Mexico City) grows throughout Mexico, attitudes are changing. This is most marked in the largest metropolitan areas, such as Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Tijuana, where education and access to foreigners and foreign news media are greatest. Change is slower in the hinterlands, however, and even in large cities discomfort with change often leads to backlashes. Since the early 1970s, influenced by the United States gay liberation movement and the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre, a substantial number of LGBT organizations has emerged. Visible and well-attended LGBT marches and pride parades have occurred in Mexico City since 1979 and in Guadalajara since 1996. On 3 June 2015, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation released a "jurisprudential thesis" in which the legal definition of marriage was changed to encompass same-sex couples. The articles in the constitution restricting marriage to a man and a woman were deemed unconstitutional by the court and thus every justice provider in the nation must validate same-sex unions, thus legalizing gay marriage. However, the process is lengthly as couples must request a jurisdiction from a judge, a process that can take significantly longer than the process for an opposite-sex wedding. Political and legal gains have been made through the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution, leftist minor parties such as the Labor Party and Convergence, and the centrist Institutional Revolutionary Party. They include the 2001 amendment to Article 1 of the Federal Constitution to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. Same-sex marriages are performed in Mexico City, Quintana Roo, Coahuila, Chihuahua and Guerrero. Civil unions are performed in an additional four states, which are Colima, Campeche, Jalisco and Michoacán. ==Timeline== * 1569: An official Inquisition was created in Mexico City by Philip II of Spain. Same-sex sexual acts were a prime concern, and the Inquisition inflicted stiff fines, spiritual penances, public humiliations, and floggings for what it deemed to be sexual sins. * 1821: Mexican independence from Spain brought an end to the Inquisition and colonial homosexual persecution. * 1871: The intellectual influence of the French Revolution and the brief French occupation of Mexico (1862–67) resulted in the adoption of the Napoleonic Code. This meant that sexual conduct in private between adults (regardless of gender) ceased to be a criminal matter. * 1901: On November 20, Mexico City police raided an affluent drag ball, arresting 42 men (19 of which were cross-dressing). One was released, allegedly a close relative of President Porfirio Díaz. The resulting scandal, known as the "Dance of the 41 Maricones", received widespread press coverage. * 1959: Mayor Ernesto Uruchurtu closed all gay bars in Mexico City under the guise of "cleaning up vice" (or reducing its visibility). * 1971: The Homosexual Liberation Front (''Frente de Liberación Homosexual''), one of the first LGBT groups in Latin America, was organized in response to the firing of a Sears employee because of his (allegedly) homosexual behavior. * 1979: The country's first LGBT pride parade was held in Mexico City.〔("Mexico City Gay Pride/Orgullo LGBT Mexico City", ''Gaypedia'' )〕 * 1982: Max Mejía, Pedro Preciado, and Claudia Hinojosa became the first openly gay politicians to run for seats in the Congress of Mexico. * 1991: Mexico hosted a meeting of the International Gay and Lesbian Association, the first meeting of the association outside Europe. * 1997: Patria Jiménez, a lesbian activist, was selected for proportional representation in the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, representing the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution. * 1999 (August): The first meeting of lesbians and lesbian feminists was held in Mexico City. From this meeting evolved an organized effort for expanded LGBT rights in the nation’s capital. :September: Mexico City passed an ordinance banning discrimination based on sexual orientation, the first of its kind in the country. * 2000: Enoé Uranga, an openly lesbian politician, proposed a bill that would have legalized same-sex civil unions in Mexico City. The local legislature, however, decided not to enact the bill after widespread opposition from right-wing groups. * 2001: Article 1 of the Constitution of Mexico was amended to prohibit discrimination based on, among other factors, sexual orientation. * 2003 (29 April): A federal anti-discrimination law was passed and a national council immediately created to enforce it. :Amaranta Gómez became the first transgender woman to run for a seat in the Congress of Mexico. * 2004 (13 March): A change to the Mexico City Civil Code took effect that allows transgender people to change the gender and name on their birth certificates.〔("Mexico: Mexico City Amends Civil Code to Include Transgender Rights", International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 15 June 2004 )〕〔("The Violations of the Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons in Mexico: A Shadow Report", submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee by The International Human Rights Clinic, Human Rights Program of Harvard Law School; Global Rights; and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, March 2010, footnote 77, page 13 )〕 * 2006 (9 November): Mexico City legalized same-sex civil unions. * 2007 (11 January): The northern state of Coahuila legalized same-sex civil unions.〔("Mexican State of Coahuila Legalizes Same-Sex Unions", ''Towleroad'', 12 January 2007 )〕 :31 January: The nation's first same-sex civil union ceremony was performed in Saltillo, Coahuila.〔("Lesbian couple registers as Mexico's first same-sex civil union", ''The Advocate'', 2 February 2007 )〕 * 2009 Miguel Galán, from the defunct Social Democratic Party, became the first openly gay politician to run for mayor in the country. *21 December: Mexico City's Legislative Assembly passed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage, adoption by same-sex couples, loan applications by same-sex couples, inheritance from a same-sex partner, and the sharing of insurance policies by same-sex couples.〔("We do: Mexico City blazes trail with legalisation of same-sex marriage", ''The Guardian'', reported by Rory Carroll, 22 December 2009 )〕 Eight days later, Mayor Marcelo Ebrard signed the bill into law. * 2010 (4 March): The same-sex marriage law took effect in Mexico City.〔("Mexico City law allowing same-sex unions takes effect", ''CNN World'', 4 March 2010 )〕 :5 August: The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, the highest federal court in the country, voted 9–2 to uphold the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage reform. Four days later, it upheld the city's adoption law. * 2011 (24 November): The Coahuila supreme court struck down the state's law barring same-sex couples from adopting, urging the state's legislature to amend the adoption law as soon as possible. :28 November: Two same-sex couples were married in Kantunilkin, Quintana Roo, after discovering that Quintana Roo's Civil Code does not specify gender requirements for marriage. * 2012 (January): Same-sex marriages were suspended in Quintana Roo pending legal review by Luis González Flores, the secretary of state of Quintana Roo. :(April): Roberto Borge Angulo, the governor of Quintana Roo, annulled the two same-sex marriages performed in Kantunilkin.〔 :(3 May): Luis González Flores reversed Borge Angulo's annulments in a decision allowing for future same-sex marriages to be performed in Quintana Roo. * 2012 (December): The Supreme Court in Mexico City struck down a Oaxaca state law that had limited marriage to one man and one woman for purposes of procreation.〔("Corte abre puerta para matrimonios gay en el país", ''Proceso'', 5 December 2012 )〕 * 2013 (27 February): The first same-sex marriage licenses were issued in the state of Colima, after officials cited the state constitution, which prohibits discrimination due to sexual preference, and the Supreme Court ruling that struck down Oaxaca state's gay marriage ban. Although same-sex marriage is not officially law in Colima state, a same-sex couple can apply for and receive a marriage license.〔("Mexico: First Gay Wedding Held in Colima", ''Gay Marriage Watch'', 23 March 2013 )〕〔("First gay marriage celebrated in Oaxaca following Supreme Court's December ruling", Justice in Mexico Project, 8 May 2013 )〕 :(March 22): First same-sex marriage occurred in Oaxaca.〔("Oaxaca celebra su primera boda gay tras fallo de SCJN", ''Terra'', 28 March 2013 )〕 :(June 14): The Second Federal District Court of the State of Colima ruled that the State Civil Code is unconstitutional in limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples.〔()〕 :(July 1): The Third District Court of the State of Yucatán ruled that two petitioners were able to marry. Martha Góngora, director of the civil registry of the state, said the decision would be reviewed and might be returned to the court. Jorge Fernández Mendiburu, defense counsel in the case, indicated that if the registrar refused to complete the marriage, the case would be brought before the Supreme Court of Justice with a request for the state law limiting marriage to one man and one woman to be declared unconstitutional.〔("Avanza matrimonio igualitario en Yucatán", ''Vanguardia'', 3 Julio 2013 )〕〔("Pareja gay le gana a las leyes en Yucatán y se podrá casar", ''La Verdad'', 3 Julio 2013 )〕 :(August 8): Two men become the first same-sex couple to legally marry in the state of Yucatán.〔http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/first-same-sex-couple-to-marry-in-mexicos-yucatan-state〕 :(December 23): Campeche legalized the civil union called 'Sociedades de Convivencia' *2014 (February 11) Coahuila Congress approved adoption by same-sex couples, by repealing Article 385-7 of the Civil Code.〔http://www.milenio.com/region/Congreso_de_Coahuila-adopcion_gay-PAN_contra_adopcion_gay_0_243576136.html〕 :(March 21): Mexico declared, by Presidential Decree, May 17 as the National Day Against Homophobia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Presidencia de México )〕 See International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia. :(September 1): Coahuila Congress approved same sex marriage, by changing the civil code of the state.〔http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2014/09/01/979406〕 *2015 (February 26), the Constitutional Court of the State of Yucatán announced that it will decide on 2 March whether state prohibitions against same sex marriage are in violation of the federal constitution and international agreements. :(March 2): the constitutional court of Yucatán dismissed the appeal for constitutional action to change the Civil Code. Supporters of amending the code have promised to appeal the decision. :(June 3): The Supreme Court of Justice of the nation releases a "jurisprudential thesis" expanding the definition of marriage to encompass same-sex couples as state laws restricting it were deemed unconstitutional and discriminatory.〔("Mexico effectively legalizes same-sex marriage", ''The Independent'', 15 June 2015 )〕 :(June 12): The state of Chihuahua became the third state to legalize same-sex marriage after the governor announced that his administration would no longer oppose same-sex marriages within the state. The order was effective immediately. :(July 10): The state of Guerrero became the fourth state to legalize same-sex marriage after the governor instructed civil agencies to approve same-sex marriage licenses.〔 Later that day, 20 same-sex couples were married by the Governor Rogelio Ortega in Acapulco. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「LGBT rights in Mexico」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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